Resisting Immune Exhaustion in HIV-1 Infection 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Resisting Immune Exhaustion in HIV-1 Infection 英文参考文献.doc

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Resisting Immune Exhaustion in HIV-1 Infection 英文参考文献

Research in Translation Resisting Immune Exhaustion in HIV-1 Infection Sarah Rowland-Jones , Thushan de Silva * T he human immune system is extraordinarily active against infection with HIV-1, yet never Related Research Article responding CTLs, thereby making it possible to discern the role of repeated antigenic stimulation in promoting T cell dysfunction. Streeck H, Brumme ZL, Anastario M, Cohen KW, Jolin JS, et al. (2008) Antigen load and viral sequence diversi?cation determine the functional pro?le of HIV- + 1–speci?c CD8 T cells. PLoS Med 5(5): e100. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050100 Marcus Altfeld and colleagues suggest that the exhaustion of virus-speci?c CD8 T cells during chronic HIV infection likely results from the persistence of antigen. eliminates the virus and rarely controls viral replication for prolonged periods without the assistance of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). In order to harness the power of the human immune response in HIV therapy, we need a better understanding of the key elements of protective immunity against the virus and how and why these ultimately fail in chronic infection. These observations are also important in highlighting how early in HIV-1 infection immune pressure from CTLs can drive the emergence of escape mutations: this is well documented in the macaque model [4], but has not been studied systematically in human infection. CTL escape mutations were selected in nine of the untreated patients in Altfeld and colleagues’ study and could be detected as early as 61 days after initial presentation. + not to start ART in acute infection, the capacity of HIV-speci?c CTLs to secrete a range of anti-viral cytokines and chemokines as well as to generate cytotoxic granules in response to an encounter with HIV antigens A New Study on Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Most investigators would nominate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as key players in the control of HIV-1 infection, based on data accumulated over the two decades since they were ?r