RIG-I Like Receptors in Antiviral Immunity and Therapeutic Applications 英文参考文献.docVIP

Viruses 2011, 3, 906-919; doi:10.3390/v3060906 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Review RIG-I Like Receptors in Antiviral Immunity and Therapeutic Applications Reneé C. Ireton and Michael Gale, Jr. * Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; E-Mail: rireton@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mgale@; Tel.: +1-206-543-8514; Fax: +1-206-543-1013. Received: 9 April 2011; in revised form: 4 June 2011 / Accepted: 9 June 2011 / Published: 23 June 2011 Abstract: The RNA helicase family of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) is a key component of host defense mechanisms responsible for detecting viruses and triggering innate immune signaling cascades to control viral replication and dissemination. As cytoplasm-based sensors, RLRs recognize foreign RNA in the cell and activate a cascade of antiviral responses including the induction of type I interferons, inflammasome activation, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This review provides a brief overview of RLR function, ligand interactions, and downstream signaling events with an expanded discussion on the therapeutic potential of targeting RLRs for immune stimulation and treatment of virus infection. Keywords: RIG-I; inflammation; adjuvant 1. Introduction Cell-intrinsic innate immune defenses are our first line of resistance against infections caused by harmful pathogens. Both immune and non-immune cells alike are armed with the ability to detect pathogens and alert the innate immune system of their presence. In recent years, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and Nod-like receptors (NLRs), have been defined as factors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are non-self motifs embedded in the