Robust Crop and Weed Segmentation under Uncontrolled Outdoor Illumination 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2011, 11, 6270-6283; doi:10.3390/s110606270 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Robust Crop and Weed Segmentation under Uncontrolled Outdoor Illumination Hong Y. Jeon 1,*, Lei F. Tian 2 and Heping Zhu 1 1 United State Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; E-Mail: heping.zhu@ 2 Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Illinois, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; E-Mail: lei-tian@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: hongyoung.jeon@; Tel.: +1-330-202-3555 ext. 2966; Fax: +1-330-263-3953. Received: 18 April 2011; in revised form: 18 May 2011 / Accepted: 7 June 2011 / Published: 10 June 2011 Abstract: An image processing algorithm for detecting individual weeds was developed and evaluated. Weed detection processes included were normalized excessive green conversion, statistical threshold value estimation, adaptive image segmentation, median filter, morphological feature calculation and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The developed algorithm was validated for its ability to identify and detect weeds and crop plants under uncontrolled outdoor illuminations. A machine vision implementing field robot captured field images under outdoor illuminations and the image processing algorithm automatically processed them without manual adjustment. The errors of the algorithm, when processing 666 field images, ranged from 2.1 to 2.9%. The ANN correctly detected 72.6% of crop plants from the identified plants, and considered the rest as weeds. However, the ANN identification rates for crop plants were improved up to 95.1% by addressing the error sources in the algorithm. The developed weed detection and image processing algorithm provides a novel method to identify plants against soil b