Scrutinizing the current practice of the environmental risk assessment of GM maize applications for cultivation in the EU 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Scrutinizing the current practice of the environmental risk assessment of GM maize applications for cultivation in the EU 英文参考文献.doc

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Scrutinizing the current practice of the environmental risk assessment of GM maize applications for cultivation in the EU 英文参考文献

Dolezeletal.EnvironmentalSciencesEurope2011,23:33 /content/23/1/33 RESEARCH OpenAccess Scrutinizingthecurrentpracticeofthe environmentalriskassessmentofGMmaize applicationsforcultivationintheEU MarionDolezel1*,MarianneMiklau1,AngelikaHilbeck2,MathiasOtto3,MichaelEckerstorfer1, AndreasHeissenberger1,BeatrixTappeser3andHelmutGaugitsch1 Abstract Purpose:Theprevailingcontroversiesonthepotentialenvironmentalrisksofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms [GMOs]stillfuelongoingdiscussionsamongEuropeanUnion[EU]memberstates,riskassessors,applicantsand scientists,evenseveralyearsafterthecommercialintroductionofGMOs.Thedisagreementsmainlyderivefromthe currentriskassessmentpracticeofGMOsanddifferencesintheperceivedenvironmentalrisks.Againstthis background,theaimofthisstudywastoscrutinizethecurrentpracticeofenvironmentalriskassessment[ERA]of severalGMOapplicationscurrentlypendingforauthorisationintheEU. Methods:WeanalysedthedatapresentedforthreeassessmentcategoriesoftheERAofgeneticallymodified[GM] maizeapplicationsforcultivationintheEuropeanUnion:theagronomicevaluationsandtheassessmentsofthe effectsofGMmaizeontargetorganismsandofitspotentialadverseeffectsonnon-targetorganisms. Results:Majorshortcomingscausingconsiderableuncertaintiesrelatedtotheriskassessmentwereidentifiedinall threecategories.Inaddition,twoprinciplesofDirective2001/18/ECarelargelynotfulfilled-theconsiderationof thereceivingenvironmentandtheindirecteffects,asmediated,e.g.bytheapplicationofthecomplementary herbicideinthecaseofherbicide-tolerantGMmaize. Conclusions:WeconcludethatthecurrentpracticeofERAdoesnotcomprehensivelyfulfilthescientificandlegal requirementsofDirective2001/18/EC,andweproposeimprovementsandneedsforfurtherguidanceand developmentofstandards.Therecommendationsaddresslikewiseapplicants,riskassessorsaswellasdecision makers. Background to decisions on applications. Annex II of the Directive Authorisation of genetically modified organisms definesthegeneralprinciplesoftheERA,thesteps,the [GMOs]inEuropeisr