Shedding Light on Avian Influenza H4N6 Infection in Mallards Modes of Transmission and Implications for Surveillance 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Shedding Light on Avian Influenza H4N6 Infection in Mallards Modes of Transmission and Implications for Surveillance 英文参考文献.doc

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SheddingLightonAvianInfluenzaH4N6Infectionin Mallards:ModesofTransmissionandImplicationsfor Surveillance KaciK.VanDalen*,AlanB.Franklin,NicoleL.Mooers,HeatherJ.Sullivan,SusanA.Shriner NationalWildlifeResearchCenter,WildlifeServices,AnimalandPlantHealthInspectionService,UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,FortCollins,Colorado,United StatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Wild mallards (Anas platyrhychos) are considered one of the primary reservoir species for avian influenza viruses(AIV).BecauseAIVcirculatinginwildbirdsposeanindirectthreattoagricultureandhumanhealth,understanding theecologyofAIVanddevelopingriskassessmentsandsurveillancesystemsforpreventionofdiseaseiscritical. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Inthisstudy,mallardswereexperimentallyinfectedwithanH4N6subtypeofAIVbyoral inoculationorcontactwithanH4N6contaminatedwatersource.Cloacalswabs,oropharyngealswabs,fecalsamples,and watersampleswerecollecteddailyandtestedbyreal-timeRT-PCR(RRT-PCR)forestimationofviralshedding.Fecalsamples hadsignificantlyhighervirusconcentrationsthanoropharyngealorcloacalswabsand6montholdducksshedsignificantly more viral RNA than 3 month old ducks regardless of sample type. Use of a water source contaminated by AIV infected mallards,wassufficienttotransmitvirustona?¨vemallards,whichshedAIVathigherorsimilarlevelsasorally-inoculatedducks. Conclusions: BodiesofwatercouldserveasatransmissionpathwayforAIVinwaterfowl.ForAIVsurveillancepurposes, watersamplesandfecalsamplesappeartobeexcellentalternativesoradditionstocloacalandoropharyngealswabbing. Furthermore, duck age (even within hatch-year birds) may be important when interpreting viral shedding results from experimentalinfectionsorsurveillance.Differentialsheddingamonghatch-yearmallardscouldaffectprevalenceestimates, modelingofAIVspread,andsubsequentriskassessments. Citation: VanDalen KK, Franklin AB, Mooers NL, Sullivan HJ, Shriner SA (2010) Shedding Light on Avian Influenza H4N6 Infection in Mallards: Modes of TransmissionandImplications