Spatial variability in levels of benzene, formaldehyde, and total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in New York City a land-use regression study 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Spatial variability in levels of benzene, formaldehyde, and total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in New York City a land-use regression study 英文参考文献.doc

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Spatial variability in levels of benzene, formaldehyde, and total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in New York City a land-use regression study 英文参考文献

Kheirbeketal.EnvironmentalHealth2012,11:51 /content/11/1/51 RESEARCH OpenAccess Spatialvariabilityinlevelsofbenzene, formaldehyde,andtotalbenzene,toluene, ethylbenzeneandxylenesinNewYorkCity: aland-useregressionstudy IyadKheirbek1*,SarahJohnson1,ZevRoss2,GrantPezeshki1,KazuhikoIto1,HolgerEisl3andThomasMatte1 Abstract Background:Hazardousairpollutantexposuresarecommoninurbanareascontributingtoincreasedriskof cancerandotheradversehealthoutcomes.WhilerecentanalysesindicatethatNewYorkCityresidentsexperience significantlyhighercancerrisksattributabletohazardousairpollutantexposuresthantheUnitedStatesasawhole, limiteddataexisttoassessintra-urbanvariabilityinairtoxicsexposures. Methods:Toassessintra-urbanspatialvariabilityinexposurestocommonhazardousairpollutants,street-level airsamplingforvolatileorganiccompoundsandaldehydeswasconductedat70sitesthroughoutNewYorkCity duringthespringof2011.Land-useregressionmodelsweredevelopedusingasubsetof59sitesandvalidated againsttheremaining11sitestodescribetherelationshipbetweenconcentrationsofbenzene,totalBTEX (benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,xylenes)andformaldehydetoindicatorsoflocalsources,adjustingfor temporalvariation. Results:TotalBTEXlevelsexhibitedthemostspatialvariability,followedbybenzeneandformaldehyde(coefficient ofvariationoftemporallyadjustedmeasurementsof0.57,0.35,0.22,respectively).Totalroadwaylengthwithin 100m,trafficsignaldensitywithin400mofmonitoringsites,andanindicatoroftemporalvariationexplained 65%ofthetotalvariabilityinbenzenewhile70%ofthetotalvariabilityinBTEXwasaccountedforbytrafficsignal densitywithin450m,densityofpermittedsolvent-useindustrieswithin500m,andanindicatoroftemporal variation.Measuresoftemporalvariation,trafficsignaldensitywithin400m,roadlengthwithin100m,and interiorbuildingareawithin100m(indicatorofheatingfuelcombustion)predicted83%ofthetotalvariability offormaldehyde.Themodelsbuiltwiththemodelingsubsetwerefoundtopredictconcentrationswell, predicting62%to68%ofmonitoredvaluesatvalidationsites. Conc