Species Interactions Alter Evolutionary Responses to a Novel Environment 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Species Interactions Alter Evolutionary Responses to a Novel Environment 英文参考文献.doc

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Species Interactions Alter Evolutionary Responses to a Novel Environment 英文参考文献

SpeciesInteractionsAlterEvolutionaryResponsestoa NovelEnvironment DianeLawrence1,2*,FrancescaFiegna1,VolkerBehrends3,JacobG.Bundy3,AlbertB.Phillimore1, ThomasBell1,4,TimothyG.Barraclough1 1Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom, 2Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial CollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom,3DepartmentofSurgeryandCancer,FacultyofMedicine,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom,4Department ofZoology,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdom Abstract Studiesofevolutionaryresponsestonovelenvironmentstypicallyconsidersinglespeciesorperhapspairsofinteracting species.However,allorganismsco-occurwithmanyotherspecies,resultinginevolutionarydynamicsthatmightnotmatch thosepredictedusingsinglespeciesapproaches.Recenttheoriespredictthatspeciesinteractionsindiversesystemscan influence how component species evolve in response to environmental change. In turn, evolution might have consequencesforecosystemfunctioning.Weusedexperimentalcommunitiesoffivebacterialspeciestoshowthatspecies interactionshaveamajorimpactonadaptationtoanovelenvironmentinthelaboratory.Speciesincommunitiesdiverged intheiruseofresourcescomparedwiththesamespeciesinmonoculturesandevolvedtousewasteproductsgeneratedby other species. This generally led to a trade-off between adaptation to the abiotic and biotic components of the environment, such that species evolving in communities had lower growth rates when assayed in the absence of other species. Based on growth assays and on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of resource use, all species evolvedmoreincommunitiesthantheydidinmonocultures.Theevolutionarychangeshadsignificantrepercussionsfor thefunctioningoftheseexperimentalecosystems:communitiesreassembledfromisolatesthathadevolvedinpolyculture weremoreproductivethanthosereassembledfromisolatesthathadevolvedinmonoculture.Ourresultsshowthatthe way in which species adapt to new environments depends critically o