Sunlight Intensity Based Global Positioning System for Near-Surface Underwater Sensors 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sunlight Intensity Based Global Positioning System for Near-Surface Underwater Sensors 英文参考文献.doc

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Sunlight Intensity Based Global Positioning System for Near-Surface Underwater Sensors 英文参考文献

Sensors2012,12,1930-1949;doi:10.3390/s120201930 OPENACCESS sensors ISSN1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article SunlightIntensityBasedGlobalPositioningSystemfor Near-SurfaceUnderwaterSensors JavierV.G′omez 1,FrodeE.Sandnes 2,?andBorjaFern′andez 3 1 2 3 DepartmentofSystemsandAutomation,CarlosIIIUniversityofMadrid,Avda.delaUniversidad30, 28911Legan′es,Madrid,Spain;E-Mail:jvgomez@pa.uc3m.es InstituteofInformationTechnology,FacultyofTechnology,ArtandDesign,OsloandAkershus UniversityCollegeofAppliedSciences,P.O.Box4,St.Olavsplass,N-0130Oslo,Norway DepartmentofComputerScience,ReyJuanCarlosUniversityofMadrid,CalleTulip′ans/n, 28933M′ostoles,Madrid,Spain;E-Mail:b.fernandezo@alumnos.urjc.es ? Authortowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed;E-Mail:Frode-Eika.Sandnes@hioa.no; Tel.:+47-22-45-30-23. Received:15December2011;inrevisedform:1February2012/Accepted:7February2012/ Published:10February2012 Abstract:Watermonitoringisimportantindomainsincludingdocumentingclimatechange, weatherpredictionand?shing.Thispaperpresentsasimpleandenergyef?cientlocalization strategyfornearsurfacebuoybasedsensors.Sensorscanbedroppedrandomlyintheocean andthusself-calibrateintermsofgeographiclocationsuchthatgeo-taggedobservationsof waterqualitycanbemadewithouttheneedforcostlyandenergyconsumingGPS-hardware. Thestrategyisbasedonnodeswithanaccurateclockandlightsensorsthatcanregularly sampletheleveloflightintensity. Themeasurementsare?ttedintoacelestialmodelofthe earthmotionaroundthesun.Byidentifyingthetrajectoryofthesunacrosstheskiesonecan accuratelydeterminesunriseandsunsettimes, andthusextractthelongitudeandlatitude ofthesensor. Unlikepreviouslocalizationtechniquesforunderwatersensors,thecurrent approachdoesnotrelyonstationaryormobilereferencepoints. Keywords:outdoor;localization;light;intensity;globalpositioning;sunlight;underwater Sensors2012,12 1931 1. Introduction MostoftheEarth’ssurfaceiscoveredinwaterwhichaffectsusinnumerousways. Wedependon theoceansasavitalsourceforfood. Moreover

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