Sunlight Intensity Based Global Positioning System for Near-Surface Underwater Sensors 英文参考文献.docVIP
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Sunlight Intensity Based Global Positioning System for Near-Surface Underwater Sensors 英文参考文献
Sensors2012,12,1930-1949;doi:10.3390/s120201930
OPENACCESS
sensors
ISSN1424-8220
/journal/sensors
Article
SunlightIntensityBasedGlobalPositioningSystemfor
Near-SurfaceUnderwaterSensors
JavierV.G′omez
1,FrodeE.Sandnes 2,?andBorjaFern′andez 3
1
2
3
DepartmentofSystemsandAutomation,CarlosIIIUniversityofMadrid,Avda.delaUniversidad30,
28911Legan′es,Madrid,Spain;E-Mail:jvgomez@pa.uc3m.es
InstituteofInformationTechnology,FacultyofTechnology,ArtandDesign,OsloandAkershus
UniversityCollegeofAppliedSciences,P.O.Box4,St.Olavsplass,N-0130Oslo,Norway
DepartmentofComputerScience,ReyJuanCarlosUniversityofMadrid,CalleTulip′ans/n,
28933M′ostoles,Madrid,Spain;E-Mail:b.fernandezo@alumnos.urjc.es
?
Authortowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed;E-Mail:Frode-Eika.Sandnes@hioa.no;
Tel.:+47-22-45-30-23.
Received:15December2011;inrevisedform:1February2012/Accepted:7February2012/
Published:10February2012
Abstract:Watermonitoringisimportantindomainsincludingdocumentingclimatechange,
weatherpredictionand?shing.Thispaperpresentsasimpleandenergyef?cientlocalization
strategyfornearsurfacebuoybasedsensors.Sensorscanbedroppedrandomlyintheocean
andthusself-calibrateintermsofgeographiclocationsuchthatgeo-taggedobservationsof
waterqualitycanbemadewithouttheneedforcostlyandenergyconsumingGPS-hardware.
Thestrategyisbasedonnodeswithanaccurateclockandlightsensorsthatcanregularly
sampletheleveloflightintensity. Themeasurementsare?ttedintoacelestialmodelofthe
earthmotionaroundthesun.Byidentifyingthetrajectoryofthesunacrosstheskiesonecan
accuratelydeterminesunriseandsunsettimes, andthusextractthelongitudeandlatitude
ofthesensor. Unlikepreviouslocalizationtechniquesforunderwatersensors,thecurrent
approachdoesnotrelyonstationaryormobilereferencepoints.
Keywords:outdoor;localization;light;intensity;globalpositioning;sunlight;underwater
Sensors2012,12
1931
1. Introduction
MostoftheEarth’ssurfaceiscoveredinwaterwhichaffectsusinnumerousways. Wedependon
theoceansasavitalsourceforfood. Moreover
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