Tissue Engineered Human Skin Equivalents 英文参考文献.docVIP

Pharmaceutics 2012, 4, 26-41; doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics4010026 OPEN ACCESS pharmaceutics ISSN 1999-4923 /journal/pharmaceutics Review Tissue Engineered Human Skin Equivalents Zheng Zhang 1 and Bozena B. Michniak-Kohn 2,* 1 New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA 2 Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: michniak@; Tel.:+1-732 445 3589; Fax: +1-732 445 5006. Received: 16 November 2011; in revised form: 15 December 2011 / Accepted: 26 December 2011 / Published: 6 January 2012 Abstract: Human skin not only serves as an important barrier against the penetration of exogenous substances into the body, but also provides a potential avenue for the transport of functional active drugs/reagents/ingredients into the skin (topical delivery) and/or the body (transdermal delivery). In the past three decades, research and development in human skin equivalents have advanced in parallel with those in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The human skin equivalents are used commercially as clinical skin substitutes and as models for permeation and toxicity screening. Several academic laboratories have developed their own human skin equivalent models and applied these models for studying skin permeation, corrosivity and irritation, compound toxicity, biochemistry, metabolism and cellular pharmacology. Various aspects of the state of the art of human skin equivalents are reviewed and discussed. Keywords: human skin equivalents; tissue engineering; regenerative medicine; skin grafts; skin models 1. Human Skin and Skin Barrier Human skin, as the largest organ in the body, is an anatomical barrier between the internal and external environment; it protects the body from toxic