Toxins–Useful Biochemical Tools for Leukocyte Research 英文参考文献.docVIP

Toxins 2010, 2, 428-452; doi:10.3390/toxins2040428 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Review Toxins–Useful Biochemical Tools for Leukocyte Research Susana Cubillos, Johannes Norgauer * and Katja Lehmann Department of Dermatology, Medical School Jena, Erfurter Strasse 35, 07740, Jena, Germany; E-Mails: susana.cubillos@med.uni-jena.de (S.C.); katja.lehmann@med.uni-jena.de (K.L.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: johannes.norgauer@med.uni- jena.de; Tel.: +049-364-193-7455; Fax: +049-364-193-7437. Received: 8 March 2010 / Accepted: 24 March 2010 / Published: 26 March 2010 Abstract: Leukocytes are a heterogeneous group of cells that display differences in anatomic localization, cell surface phenotype, and function. The different subtypes include e.g., granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells and NK cells. These different cell types represent the cellular component of innate and adaptive immunity. Using certain toxins such as pertussis toxin, cholera toxin or clostridium difficile toxin, the regulatory functions of Gαi, Gαs and small GTPases of the Rho family in leukocytes have been reported. A summary of these reports is discussed in this review. Keywords: toxins; leukocytes; signal transduction 1. Introduction Leukocytes are a heterogeneous group of cells that display differences in anatomic localization, cell surface phenotype, and function. They originate from CD34 bone marrow stem cells and progenitors of the different subtypes in the bone marrow. Finally, these progenitors or precursors circulate in the blood or are seeded via the bloodstream to the tissues where they give rise to highly specialized cells. The different subtypes include e.g., granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells and NK cells (Figure 1). These different cell types represent the cellular component of innate and adaptive i