Use of Biosensors as Alternatives to Current Regulatory Methods for Marine Biotoxins 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2009, 9, 9414-9443; doi:10.3390/OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Review Use of Biosensors as Alternatives to Current Regulatory Methods for Marine Biotoxins Natalia Vilari?o, Eva S. Fonfría, M. Carmen Louzao and Luis M. Botana * Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain; E-Mails: natalia.vilarino@usc.es (N.V.); eva.fonfria@usc.es (E.S.F.); mcarmen.louzao@usc.es (M.C.L.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: luis.botana@usc.es; Tel.: +34-982252242; Fax: +34-982252242. Received: 14 September 2009; in revised form: 27 October 2009 / Accepted: 28 October 2009 / Published: 24 November 2009 Abstract: Marine toxins are currently monitored by means of a bioassay that requires the use of many mice, which poses a technical and ethical problem in many countries. With the exception of domoic acid, there is a legal requirement for the presence of other toxins (yessotoxin, saxitoxin and analogs, okadaic acid and analogs, pectenotoxins and azaspiracids) in seafood to be controlled by bioassay, but other toxins, such as palytoxin, cyclic imines, ciguatera and tetrodotoxin are potentially present in European food and there are no legal requirements or technical approaches available to identify their presence. The need for alternative methods to the bioassay is clearly important, and biosensors have become in recent years a feasible alternative to animal sacrifice. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using biosensors as alternatives to animal assays for marine toxins, with particular focus on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology. Keywords: biosensor; seafood; shellfish poisoning; marine toxins; surface plasmon resonance 1. Introduction Marine biotoxins are compounds with toxic activity that accumulate in fish or shellfis