Using LS-SVM Based Motion Recognition for Smartphone Indoor Wireless Positioning 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2012, 12, 6155-6175; doi:10.3390/s120506155 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Using LS-SVM Based Motion Recognition for Smartphone Indoor Wireless Positioning Ling Pei *, Jingbin Liu, Robert Guinness, Yuwei Chen, Heidi Kuusniemi and Ruizhi Chen Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FIN-02431 Masala, Finland; E-Mails: jingbin.liu@fgi.fi (J.L.); robert.guinness@fgi.fi (R.G.); yuwei.chen@fgi.fi (Y.C.); heidi.kuusniemi@fgi.fi (H.K.); ruizhi.chen@fgi.fi (R.C.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ling.pei@fgi.fi; Tel.: +358-9-2955-5315; Fax: +358-9-2955-5200. Received: 20 March 2012; in revised form: 17 April 2012 / Accepted: 28 April 2012 / Published: 10 May 2012 Abstract: The paper presents an indoor navigation solution by combining physical motion recognition with wireless positioning. Twenty-seven simple features are extracted from the built-in accelerometers and magnetometers in a smartphone. Eight common motion states used during indoor navigation are detected by a Least Square-Support Vector Machines (LS-SVM) classification algorithm, e.g., static, standing with hand swinging, normal walking while holding the phone in hand, normal walking with hand swinging, fast walking, U-turning, going up stairs, and going down stairs. The results indicate that the motion states are recognized with an accuracy of up to 95.53% for the test cases employed in this study. A motion recognition assisted wireless positioning approach is applied to determine the position of a mobile user. Field tests show a 1.22 m mean error in ―Static Tests‖ and a 3.53 m in ―Stop-Go Tests‖. Keywords: motion recognition; LS-SVM; indoor navigation; positioning; wireless; smartphone 1. Introduction Nowadays, with the explosive growth of the capabilities in handheld devices, various components are embedded into smartphones, such