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Evaluation of Soil Sensitivity towards the Irrigation with Treated Wastewater in the Jordan River Region.doc

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Evaluation of Soil Sensitivity towards the Irrigation with Treated Wastewater in the Jordan River Region

Water 2011, 3, 1092-1111; doi:10.3390/w3041092 OPEN ACCESS water ISSN 2073-4441 /journal/water Article Evaluation of Soil Sensitivity towards the Irrigation with Treated Wastewater in the Jordan River Region Karsten Schacht 1,*, Sven G?nster 2, Elisabeth Jüschke 3, Yona Chen 4, Jorge Tarchitzky 4, Jawad Al-Bakri 5, Emad Al-Karablieh 5 and Bernd Marschner 1 1 Department of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany; E-Mail: bernd.marschner@rub.de (B.M.) 2 Department of Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, Witzenhausen 37213, Germany; E-Mail: goenster@uni-kassel.de 3 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 10 01 64, Jena 07701, Germany; E-Mail: ejuesch@bgc-jena.mpg.de 4 Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; E-Mails: yonachen@agri.huji.ac.il (Y.C.); tarchitz@agri.huji.ac.il (J.T.) 5 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, Jordan; E-Mails: jbakri@.jo (J.A.-B.); karablie@.jo (E.A.-K.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: karsten.schacht@rub.de; Tel.: +49-234-3223439; Fax: +49-234-3214469. Received: 4 August 2011; in revised form: 6 October 2011 / Accepted: 28 October 2011 / Published: 24 November 2011 Abstract: An assessment of soil sensitivity was carried out regarding the soil suitability for wastewater reuse. This was done based on digital soil maps joined with spatial data on soil properties using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Six major risks of primarily agricultural significance were defined in close collaboration with regional experts. The changes in particular soil and groundwater properties as a result of irrigation with low water quality were evaluated and discussed. Based on