Evolution of the axial system in craniates morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature.docVIP

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Evolution of the axial system in craniates morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature.doc

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Evolution of the axial system in craniates morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature

SchillingFrontiersinZoology2011,8:4 /content/8/1/4 REVIEW OpenAccess Evolutionoftheaxialsystemincraniates: morphologyandfunctionoftheperivertebral musculature NadjaSchilling Abstract Theaxialmusculoskeletalsystemrepresentstheplesiomorphiclocomotorengineofthevertebratebody,playinga centralroleinlocomotion.Incraniates,theevolutionofthepostcranialskeletonischaracterizedbytwomajor transformations.First,theaxialskeletonbecameincreasinglyfunctionallyandmorphologicallyregionalized.Second, theaxial-basedlocomotionplesiomorphicforcraniatesbecameprogressivelyappendage-basedwiththeevolution ofextremitiesintetrapods.Thesechanges,togetherwiththetransitiontoland,causedincreasedcomplexityinthe planesinwhichaxialmovementsoccurandmomentsactonthebodyandwereaccompaniedbyprofound changesinaxialmusclefunction.Toincreaseourunderstandingoftheevolutionarytransformationsofthe structureandfunctionoftheperivertebralmusculature,thisreviewintegratesrecentanatomicalandphysiological data(e.g.,musclefibertypes,activationpatterns)withgross-anatomicalandkinematicfindingsforpivotalcraniate taxa.Thisinformationismappedontoaphylogenetichypothesistoinfertheputativecharactersetofthelast commonancestoroftherespectivetaxaandtoconjecturepatternsoflocomotorandmuscularevolution.The increasinganatomicalandfunctionalcomplexityinthemusculararrangementduringcraniateevolutionis associatedwithchangesinfiberangulationandfiber-typedistribution,i.e.,increasingobliquenessinfiber orientationandsegregationoffatigue-resistantfibersindeepermuscleregions.Thelossofsuperficialfatigue- resistantfibersmayberelatedtotheprofoundgrossanatomicalreorganizationoftheaxialmusculatureduringthe tetrapodevolution.Theplesiomorphicfunctionoftheaxialmusculature-mobilization-isretainedinallcraniates. Alongwiththeevolutionoflimbsandthesubsequenttransitiontoland,axialmusclesadditionallyfunctionto globallystabilizethetrunkagainstinertialandextrinsiclimbmuscleforcesaswellasgravitationalforces. Associatedwiththeevolutionofsagittalmobilityandapar