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Expression of the central growth regulator BIG BROTHER is regulated by multiple cis-elements.doc

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Expression of the central growth regulator BIG BROTHER is regulated by multiple cis-elements

BreuningerandLenhardBMCPlantBiology2012,12:41 /1471-2229/12/41 RESEARCH ARTICLE OpenAccess ExpressionofthecentralgrowthregulatorBIG BROTHERisregulatedbymultiplecis-elements HolgerBreuninger1,2 andMichaelLenhard1* Abstract Background:Muchoftheorganismalvariationweobserveinnatureisduetodifferencesinorgansize.The observationthatevencloselyrelatedspeciescanshowlarge,stablyinheriteddifferencesinorgansizeindicatesa stronggeneticcomponenttothecontroloforgansize.Despiterecentprogressinidentifyingfactorscontrolling organgrowthinplants,ouroverallunderstandingofthisprocessremainslimited,partlybecausetheindividual factorshavenotyetbeenconnectedintolargerregulatorypathwaysornetworks.Tobeginaddressingthisaim, wehavestudiedtheupstreamregulationofexpressionofBIGBROTHER(BB),acentralgrowth-controlgenein Arabidopsisthalianathatpreventsovergrowthoforgans.FinalorgansizeandBBexpressionlevelsaretightly correlated,implyingtheneedforprecisecontrolofitsexpression.BBexpressionmirrorsproliferativeactivity,yet thegenefunctionstolimitproliferation,suggestingthatitactsinanincoherentfeedforwardloopdownstreamof growthactivatorstopreventover-proliferation. Results:ToinvestigatetheupstreamregulationofBBwecombinedapromoterdeletionanalysiswitha phylogeneticfootprintingapproach.Wewereabletonarrowdownimportant,highlyconserved,cis-regulatory elementswithintheBBpromoter.PromotersequencesofotherBrassicaceaespecieswereabletopartially complementtheA.thalianabb-1mutant,suggestingthatatleastwithintheBrassicaceaefamilytheregulatory pathwaysareconserved. Conclusions:Thisworkunderlinesthecomplexityinvolvedinprecisequantitativecontrolofgeneexpressionand laysthefoundationforidentifyingimportantupstreamregulatorsthatdetermineBBexpressionlevelsandthus finalorgansize. Background components and pathways all contributing to the final Thecontrolofplantorgansizeandthereforebiomassis size of an organ by either controlling cell number, cell acomplextrait.Plantsofagivenspecieswillgrowtoa size orboth, but we s