Facial Expression Recognition Based on Local Binary Patterns and Kernel Discriminant Isomap.docVIP

Sensors 2011, 11, 9573-9588; doi:10.3390/s111009573 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Facial Expression Recognition Based on Local Binary Patterns and Kernel Discriminant Isomap Xiaoming Zhao 1,* and Shiqing Zhang 2 1 Department of Computer Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 317000, China 2 School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; E-Mail: tzczsq@163.com * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: tzxyzxm@163.com; Tel.: +86-576-8513-7178; Fax: ++86-576-8513-7178. Received: 31 August 2011; in revised form: 27 September 2011 / Accepted: 9 October 2011 / Published: 11 October 2011 Abstract: Facial expression recognition is an interesting and challenging subject. Considering the nonlinear manifold structure of facial images, a new kernel-based manifold learning method, called kernel discriminant isometric mapping (KDIsomap), is proposed. KDIsomap aims to nonlinearly extract the discriminant information by maximizing the interclass scatter while minimizing the intraclass scatter in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. KDIsomap is used to perform nonlinear dimensionality reduction on the extracted local binary patterns (LBP) facial features, and produce low-dimensional discrimimant embedded data representations with striking performance improvement on facial expression recognition tasks. The nearest neighbor classifier with the Euclidean metric is used for facial expression classification. Facial expression recognition experiments are performed on two popular facial expression databases, i.e., the JAFFE database and the Cohn-Kanade database. Experimental results indicate that KDIsomap obtains the best accuracy of 81.59% on the JAFFE database, and 94.88% on the Cohn-Kanade database. KDIsomap outperforms the other used methods such as princ