语言学Suprasegmentals.ppt

语音单位在语流中有前后的顺序, 它们的组合呈线形的, 称线性组合。 据线性组合的先后顺序切分出来的语音单位, 各占一定的时间段落, 所以也称音段。 语流中最小的音段是音位, 因此音位也称音段音位( segmental phonemes ), 即元音(vowels)和辅音(consonants)。 但是在实际语流中, 语音成素还有一种非线性的共时组合。当音位前后连缀组合成较大的音段时, 往往具有原来所没有的某种语音成素作为它的特征及组成部分。这种较大音段所具有的语音成素超越了原来的较小音段的线性组合, 因而具有超音段的性质。因此我们在这里要研究超音段特征。 The Syllable Structure monosyllable: with one syllable, like cat and dog Polysyllable: with more than one syllable, like transplant or festival A syllable must have a nucleus or peak Usually, a vowel plays the part of a nucleus Sometimes, a consonant plays the part of a nucleus Table [teibl] /tei/ /bl/ [m,n] bottom [b?tm] cotton [k?tn] Syllable (cracked) O(nset) （音首） R(hyme)（音韵） N(ucleus)（韵核） Co(da)（韵尾） k r ? k t Syllablic structure A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable A syllable with coda is a closed syllable Open syllable and closed syllable In English, the onset position may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled by as many as four consonants. aim [eim] spread [spred] sixths[siksθs] English (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) Chinese (C)v(C) Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. In transcription, a raised vertical line ( ) is often used before the syllable it relates to. stressed syllables vs unstressed syllables At the word level At the sentence level At the word level, it only applies to the words with at least two syllables. Stess is placed on a different syllable for the different grammatical function of a word plays. Eg.Insult v.[?n?s?lt] n.[??ns?lt] For long words, there are often two stressed syllables –primary stressed and secondary stressed syllables.eg. communication [k?,mju:nikei??n]  epiphenomenal [,epif?n?min?l]  In general situation, notional words are normally stressed while structural words