药学英语,课后翻译.docx

药学英语Unit 1 Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。恩莫单抗是一种抗细胞间黏附分子-1的单克隆抗体，在实验性脑缺血模型上，能抑制多形核白细胞的募集和活化，减少其黏附，降低脑梗死范围。然而，一项由625例急性缺血性脑卒中患者参加的大规模的有效性临床试验却显示，使用恩莫单抗治疗，对缺血性脑卒中患者无效，且可能使病情恶化。rt– PA的治疗时间窗为脑缺血发病后3小时，超过3小时后用药则无明显治疗意义，并有可能增加出血性风险。一项在动物脑卒中模型上的研究表明，将抗炎治疗与rt-PA治疗联合应用，能显著减少梗死范围，改善神经功能结果，而不增加出血性风险，还可能延长溶栓治疗的时间窗。Unit2Drug discovery is the identification of novel active compounds, which are typically found by screening many compounds (from compound library) for the desired biological properties. In general, drug discovery is a very time-consuming and expensive process. Estimates of the average time required to bring a drug to the market range from12-15 years at an average cost of about $800 million. For approximately every 10000 compounds that are evaluated in animal studies, 10 will make it to human clinical trials in order to get 1 compound on the market. This is why the cost to purchase a drug is so hi