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0010旧托福阅读真题
2000年10月TOEFL试题
Section Three: Reading Comprehension
Questions 1-10
One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect
bipedal primates—including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began
to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it
Line was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a
(5) fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools,
(10) surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological
theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.
One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible
(15) and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly
(20) nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans)
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