英语语句基本结构分析.doc

第一章 句子的构成概说1、任何一个句子一定由主语（Subject，简写成S）及动词（Verb，简写成V）构成。例：John works hard. （约翰努力工作。）He plays the piano well. （他钢琴弹得很好。）Mary seems to be fond of learning English. （玛丽似乎喜欢学习英语。）2、（1）有时主语可以省略，而构成祈使句。这种祈使句由原形动词（也称为动词不定式）引出。例：Work hard! = （You should）work hard.（努力工作！）Be quiet! =（You should）be quiet. （安静！）（2）祈使句变成否定型式时，要在原形动词前加 Don’t。例：Don’t fool around. （别游手好闲。）Don’t be silly. （别傻了。）第一节 可充当主语的词类一般所见到的句型中，通常是以名词做主语，但除了名词以外，还可以用代词、动词转变过来的动名词或不定式短语、名词从句、名词短语、表距离的地点副词短语等做主语。介绍如下：一、名词做主语例：The child is apt to tell lies.（这孩子喜欢说谎。）Gold is of much value.（黄金很值钱。）二、代词做主语例：He always keeps his promise.（他总是信守承诺。）It is quite interesting to climb mountains.（爬山蛮好玩的。）三、动名词或不定式短语做主语动词绝不可直接充当主语，一定要变成动名词或不定式短语，如此才可视为名词的对等语，当主语用。例：See him makes me angry. （×，See为动词）→Seeing him makes me angry. （○，Seeing为动名词）（看到他就让我生气。）See him is my purpose of coming here. （×，See为动词）→To see him is my purpose of coming here. （○，To See为不定式）（我来这儿是为了看他。）1．动名词做主语用动名词做主语，通常用以表示已知的事实或经验。试译下句中的主语：集邮是他的嗜好之一。由“嗜好”一词得知，此处的“集邮”乃是一种经验。故应译成动名词 Collecting Stamps，而成：Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.再译下句中的主语：听音乐使我快乐。由“使我快乐”得知，“听音乐”是说话者曾经做过的事，故仍用动名词短语Listening to music 做主语，而成：Listening to music makes me happy.2．不定式做主语用不定式做主语时，通常表示一种意愿、目的或未完成的事。试译下句中的主语：出国念书是我最大的愿望。由“愿望”一词得知此处的“出国念书”乃是一种意愿或尚未做的事，故应以不定式短语 To study abroad 充当主语，而成：To study abroad is my greatest desire.（出国念书是我最大的心愿。）再译下句中的主语：到日本游玩是我今年的计划。由“计划”一词得知说话者尚未到过日本游玩（go to Japan for a visit）,故此处用不定式短语 to go to Japan for a visit 做主语，而成：To go to Japan for a visit is my plan for this year.注意：不定式或动名词短语做主语时，往往会形成主语过大的现象，故通常均用代词it做主语，置于句首，而将真主语（亦即不定式或动名词短语）移至句尾。动名词移至句尾时，通常改为不定式短语。例：Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.= It is one of his hobbies to collect stamps.虚主语?????真主语Listening to music makes me happy.= It makes me happy to listen to music.To study abroad is my greatest desire.= It is my greatest desire to study abroad.注：虚主语相当于传统语法中的形式主语。注意：被it代替的动名词短语移至句尾，仍保留动名词形态而不变成不定式短语。但此种用法并不普遍，初学语法者宜尽量避免。例：It is interesting