【2017年整理】英语复习资料.doc

第二单元 1 Many?olefinic?and?vinyl?unsaturated?compounds?are?able?to?form?chain-0like?macromolecules?through?elimination?of?the?double?bond,?a?phenomenon?first?recognized?by?Staudinger.?Diolefins polymerize?in?the?same?manner,?however,?only?one?of?the?two?double?bonds?is?eliminated.?Such ?reactions?occur?through?the?initial?addition?of?a?monomer?molecule?to?an?initiator?radical?or?an? initiator?ion,?by?which?the?active?state?is?transferred?from?the?initiator?to?the?added?monomer.?In?the?same?way?by?means?of?a?chain?reaction,?one?monomer?molecule?after?the?other?is?added?(2000~20000?monomers?per?second)?until?the?active?state?is?terminated?through?a?different?type?of?reaction.?The?polymerization?is?a?chain?reaction?in?two?ways:?because?of?the?reaction?kinetic?and?because?as?a?reaction?product?one?obtains?a?chain?molecule.?The?length?of?the?chain?molecule?is?proportional?to?the?kinetic?chain?length. Staudinger第一个发现一例现象，许多烯烃和不饱和烯烃通过打开双键可以形成链式大分子。二烯烃以同样的方式聚合，然而，仅限于两个双键中的一个。这类反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自由基或引发剂离子上而进行的，靠这些反应活性中心由引发剂转移到被加成的单体上。以同样的方式，借助于链式反应，单体分子一个接一个地被加成（每秒2000～20000个单体）直到活性中心通过不同的反应类型而终止。聚合反应是链式反应的原因有两种：因为反应动力学和因为作为反应产物它是一种链式分子。链分子的长度与动力学链长成正比。 The?initiation?reaction,?which?is?the?activation?process?of?the?double?bond,?can?be?brought?about?by?heating,?irradiation,?ultrasonics,?or?initiators.?The?initiation?of?the?chain?reaction?can?be?observed?most?clearly?with?radical?or?ionic?initiators.?These?are?energy-rich?compounds?which?can?add?suitable?unsaturated?compounds?(monomers)? and?maintain?the?activated?radical,?or?ionic,?state?so?that?further?monomer?molecules?can?be?added?in?the?same?manner.?For?the?individual?steps?of?the?growth?reaction? one?needs?only?a?relatively?small?activation?energy?and?therefore?through?a?single?activation?step?(the?actual?initiation?reaction)?a?large?number?of?olefin?molecules?are?converted,?as?is?implied?by?the?term?“chain?reaction”.?Because?very?small?amounts?of?the?initiator?bring?about?the?formation?of?a?large?amount?of?polymeric?mater