化工四大化学(专业)22流变学简介(课堂讲义).ppt

* a turbulent boundary layer is considered to consist of three zones: the viscous sublayer, laminar sublayer层流内层 the buffer layer, transitional layer过渡层 the turbulent zone(core). 湍流中心 * Transition from laminar to turbulent flow; Reynolds number. where x = distance from leading edge of plate = bulk fluid velocity = density of fluid = viscosity of fluid (3.21) * With parallel flow along a plate, turbulent flow first appears at a critical Reynolds number between about 105 and 3 x 106. * 3. Boundary layer formation in straight tubes Consider a straight, thin-walled tube with fluid entering it at a uniform velocity. * fully developed flow 完全发展了的流动 transition length 进口段长度 * The length of the entrance region of the tube required for reaching the fully developed flow is called the transition length. When the BL meets at the center of pipe, that is the thickness of BL is the radius of the pipe. Velocity profile reaches an unchanged velocity profile. Such flow is called fully developed flow. * Transition length for laminar and turbulent flow. The approximate length of straight pipe necessary for completion of the final velocity distribution is, for laminar flow, （3.22） * If the fluid entering the pipe is turbulent and the velocity in the tube is above the critical, xt is about 40 to 50 pipe diameters. If the fluid entering the tube is in laminar flow and becomes turbulent on entering the tube, xt is about 100 pipe diameters. * 4. Boundary layer separation and wake formation * wake vortices * * * * * * Boundary layer separation occurs whenever the change in velocity of the fluid, in either magnitude or direction, is too large for the fluid to adhere to the solid surface. The situation that boundary layer separation occurs. * Large energy losses resulting from the formation of a wake or vortices. To minimize(prevent) boundary layer separation, or To maximize(promote) boundary layer separation. * Summary 1.