托福听力话题-动物也疯狂重点讲义.docVIP

托福听力-动物也疯狂 以下的托福内容和动物有关。2015年4月18日托福考试听力部分，有两篇听力内容都和动物有关： Conversation2是谈论Influence of climate change on birds (气候变化对鸟类活动影响) Lecture2是biology lecture讲述animal behavior (动物行为)——具体mimicry behavior (模仿行为) 我们通过对‘踢皮球’(TPO)34套题目的统计，也可以看出，生物话题的讲座，独占鳌头！而在生物话题的讲座中，超过一半都是谈论动物的啊！ 既然动物学这么重要，那我们就做一个系统的梳理吧！TPO动物学考查方向 关于4月28日Lecture2讲到的mimicry behavior, 我们来储备一些背景知识：（Wiki） In evolutionary biology (进化生物学), mimicry is a similarity of one species to another which protects one or both. This similarity can be in appearance, behavior, sound, scent or location (外貌、行为、声音、气味和位置场所). Mimicry occurs when a group of organisms (有机体、生物体), the mimics (模仿者), evolve to share common perceived characteristics with another group, the models(被模仿者). The evolution is driven by the selective action of a signal-receiver(信号接收者). The signal-receiver is typically another intermediate organism like the common predator (捕食者)of two species, but may actually be the model itself, such as a moth resembling (长得像) its spider predator. As an interaction, mimicry is in most cases advantageous (有利的) to the mimic and harmful to the receiver, but may increase, reduce or have no effect on the fitness of the model depending on the situation. Mimicry is related to camouflage(伪装), in which a species resembles its surroundings or is otherwise difficult to detect(找到、探测出). In particular, mimesis, in which the mimic takes on the properties of a specific object or organism, but one to which the dupe is indifferent, is an area of overlap（重合） between camouflage and mimicry. Though visual mimicry is most obvious to humans, other senses such as olfaction (smell) or hearing may be involved, and more than one type of signal may be employed. Mimicry may involve morphology（形态学）, behaviour, and other properties. In any case, the signal always functions to deceive （欺骗）the receiver by preventing it from correctly identifying the mimic. Defensive （防御性）or protective （保护性）mimicry takes place when organisms are able to avoid encounters that w