四级语法精讲.ppt

一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do　 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 　I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实) 　I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 　昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调我见他正干活这个动作） 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have ,bid(出价,命令, 祝愿), make, let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 3) help, help sb do , help sb to do ,help do, help to do. 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect , allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do , love to do ,warn sb to do , be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to(勇敢地面对); in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to(使处于); resign oneself to(使听从于); be resigned to(托付给); resort to(诉诸于, 采取); sink to(堕落到); be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 He needs (a lot of) encouraging. 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. 一)动名词的形式: 一般形式：I dont like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. 二) 动名词常考的点 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词