日本大阪大学光学设计课件5.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Design of photographic lens Shinsaku Hiura Osaka University Vignetting Sensitivity is not uniform For photographic lenses, 50% is still permissible 製品例 cos4 law Without vignetting, irradiance of peripheral is still very small, cos4θ (θ is the half of angle of view) Distance from the film to the lens 1/cosθ (effects square) The aperture of the lens seems ellipse (1) Incoming ray to the film is oblique(1) ? totally, cos4 θ 1 1/cosθ Lens is far fromthe lens (square) Lens is tiltedfrom the film Incoming ray is oblique Telephoto lens Rear principal point is in front of the lens. Front part of the lens has converging effect, and rear is diverging. (definition of telephoto lens) Wide-angle (retro-focus) It is used if the back-focus (mechanical clearance behind of the lens) must be long For SLR or 3CCD cameras Rear principle point is behind of the lens. Front part of the lens has diverging power, and the rear elements is converging. ３ＣＣＤ camera Prism for color separation is placed between the lens and the image sensors Little loss of energy Lens design is limited SLR Focusing screen (ground glass) AF SLR（１） Contrast method Two images are captured for different distances Lens is moved to maximize the contrast Pentax ME-F(1981) Phase detection AF Taking lens AF sensor (1-D image sensor) AF SLR(2) Phase difference detection Minolta Maxxum-7000 Symmetric type lens Standard lens (normal angle of view) Wide angle lens without the requirement of long back focus Compact cameras “range finder” camera Distortion-sensitive applications Scan lens of Copy machine, FAX Symmetric lens(2) Design is almost symmetric to the aperture Perfect symmetric lens is not so common for photographic lens, but used for scanners Transversal aberration can be cancelled out Distortion coma Transversal chromatic aberration 2.1cm F4 2.5cm F4 2.8cm F3.5 3.5cm F2.5 Zoom lens Order and distance of diverging and converging power much affects to the focal length ? Moving