曼昆《经济学原理》第三版官方PPT,第二课.ppt

* 3 * 4 * 6 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 14 * 21 * 13 * 30 * 31 * 32 deficit [defisit] n. 赤字；不足额 * 32 * 33 * 33 * 35 * * * * Copyright ? 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning Copyright ? 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning 2 Thinking Like an Economist Thinking Like an Economist Every field of study has its own terminology Mathematics integrals ? axioms ? vector spaces Psychology ego ? id ? cognitive dissonance Law promissory ? estoppel ? torts ? venues Economics supply ? opportunity cost ? elasticity ? consumer surplus ? demand ? comparative advantage ? deadweight loss Thinking Like an Economist Economics trains you to. . . . Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related. THE ECONOMIST AS A SCIENTIST The economic way of thinking . . . Involves thinking analytically and objectively. Makes use of the scientific method. The Scientific Method: Observation, Theory, and More Observation Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates. Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to evaluate the theories. The Role of Assumptions Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand. The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make. Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions. Economic Models Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world Two of the most basic economic models include: The Circular Flow Diagram The Production Possibilities Frontier Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram The circular-flow diagram is a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms. Figure 1 The Circular Flow Copyright ? 2004 South-Western Spending Goods and services bought Revenue Goods and services sold Labor, land, and capital Income = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of dollars Factors of produ