流体力学_Introduction.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Viscosity vs. Temperature_1 For fluids, the viscosity decreases with an increase in temperature. For gases, an increase in temperature causes an increase in viscosity. WHY? molecular structure. * Viscosity vs. Temperature_2 The liquid molecules are closely spaced, with strong cohesive forces between molecules, and the resistance to relative motion between adjacent layers is related to these intermolecular force. As the temperature increases, these cohesive force are reduced with a corresponding reduction in resistance to motion. Since viscosity is an index of this resistance, it follows that viscosity is reduced by an increase in temperature. The Andrade’s equation μ＝ DeB/T * Viscosity vs. Temperature_3 In gases, the molecules are widely spaced and intermolecular force negligible. The resistance to relative motion mainly arises due to the exchange of momentum of gas molecules between adjacent layers. As the temperature increases, the random molecular activity increases with a corresponding increase in viscosity. The Sutherland equation μ＝ CT3/2 / (T+S) * Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluid Fluids for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the rate of shearing strain are designated as Newtonian fluids after I. Newton (1642-1727). Most common fluids such as water, air, and gasoline are Newtonian fluid under normal conditions. Fluids for which the shearing stress is not linearly related to the rate of shearing strain are designated as non-Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian Fluids Shear thinning fluids. Shear thickening fluids. Bingham plastic * Kinematic Viscosity Defining kinematic viscosity ν= μ/? [Ny] The dimensions of kinematic viscosity are L2/T. The units of kinematic viscosity in SI system are m2/s. In the CGS system, the kinematic viscosity has the units of cm2 /s, is called a stoke, abbreviated St. * 1.7 Compressibility of Fluids Bulk