社会心理学第一章Lecture 1- Introduction.ppt

* * WHY? Sometimes – if you have concurrent同时发生的事件designs – the direction of the causal relationship that might exist between variables is unclear? Does variable A cause variable B, or vice versa反之亦然 ? Also, correlational designs are inherently内在地vulnerable to容易遭受spurious伪造的correlations – this occurs when two variables are statistically related – but they’re not causally related to each other in any real sense. * Literary Digest- 1936 president election poll- two million returns but made wrong prediction because they obtained those responses from people who had phones and automobiles, i.e., ignoring poor people’s opinion. Order of questions: People are more likely to agree the second questions if it was presented提供after the first question because it could be used as a more acceptable alternative選擇, i.e., the first one is very unacceptable. Order of questions: People are more likely to agree the second questions if it was presented after the first question because it could be used as a more acceptable alternative, i.e., the first one is very unacceptable. * * From there, you’ll want to decide on the type of research study that you’ll need to do in order to address your hypothesis假設. The type of research that you decide to do is going to depend largely on your research question and hypothesis. Some hypotheses can be addressed through descriptive research – these research designs simply allow you to describe peoples’ thoughts, feelings and behaviours. There are several types – you might choose to do an observational study – where you simply observe people. Describe study - 3 indicators of pace of life observed: average walking speed in downtown locations, the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request (work speed), and the accuracy of public clocks. Overall, pace of life was fastest in Japan and the countries of Western Europe and was slowest in economically undeveloped countries. The pace was significantly faster in colder climates, economicall