第十一章Learning Strategies.ppt

Learning Strategies “Strategies are specific methods of approaching a problem or task, modes of operation for achieving a particular end, planned designs for controlling and manipulating certain information. They are contextualized “battle plans” that might vary from moment to moment, or day to day, or year to year. Each of us has a number of possible ways to solve a particular problem, and we choose one—or several in a sequence—for a given problem” (Brown, 2000, p. 113). What is a strategy? A strategy is a process. It involves at least the following procedures: Problem identification and selective attention Analysis of task Choice of decisions Execution of plan Monitoring progress and modifying plan Evaluating result language learning strageties -- specific actions, behaviours, steps, or techniques that students (often intentionally) use to improve their progress in developing L2 skills. These strageties can facilitate the internalization, storage, retrieval, or use of the new language. Strategies are tools for the self-directed involvement necessary for developing communicative ability.?(Oxford, 1992/1993, p. 18) Classifications (Cohen 2006):  By goal By function By skill Others By goal: Language learning strategies (e.g., translating, memorizing) Language use strategies (e.g., retrieval, communicative, and cover strategies). By function: Metacognitive cognitive socio-affective By skill: listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, or translation strategies. Others: Strategies by proficiency levels, by specific cultures (i.e., learning the language of a specific culture), or by specific languages. Language Learning Strategies (a) identifying material to be learned, (b) distinguishing it from other material, (c) grouping it for easier learning, (d) engaging in repeated contact with it, (e) formally committing it to memory. Language use strategies rehearsal strategies – strategies for practicing target language structures b) retrieval strate