非谓语动词(三).docVIP

非谓语动词（三）——过去分词 I. 概述：表被动、无名词性上回已解剖现在分词，其要旨在于表示主动的动作，而既有主动，自有被动。与之相对的被动动作，就由过去分词来表达。两者的基本区别略述如下。-ed分词与-ing分词同属非谓语动词的家庭。它们这种亲缘关系表现在：1）它们都不能独立地充当谓语；2）它们都可在句子其它位置充当多种成分，如定语、状语、补语；3）它们的成员中都有变节为形容词、介词、从属连词者。但它们既然为不同的非谓语动词，当然有着各自的特点。其基本区别在于：1）-ed分词主要表示被动关系，而-ing分词表主动；2）-ed分词无名词性，故不能涉足主语宾语这些位置，而-ing分词则可以；3）-ed分词形式单一，只有一种形式，-ing分词则有几种变体。 II．无名词性：永不做主语宾语1．作主语，不合格要点一：非谓语动词不讲时态，只讲语态。?(非谓语动词表示不出“时”，只表示主动或被动。Fail与he是主动关系，故用-ing分词。)例：Nixon lied. It finally led to his resignation.*(His) Lied finally led to Nixon’s resignation.当动词不作谓语也就是用非谓语动词时，就不再管时态——时态是谓语动词的事；要判断的是主被动的问题。Lie与 Nixon是主动关系，所以用-ing分词。Lying finally led to Nixon’s resignation.或 Nixon’s lying finally led to his resignation. 考点要点二：在主语位置，用-ing分词的被动式表被动的动作。I am forced to struggle desperately with English. That is a tragedy.*Forced to struggle with English is a tragedy.(“-ing分词表主动，-ed分词表被动”有一个前提：-ed分词无名词性，不能作主宾语，所以有一个“凡是”：凡是相当于名词的时候，都由-ing分词来担当。如果被动，则用-ing分词的被动式)Being forced to struggle desperately with English is a tragedy. (或My being forced to struggle desperately with English is a tragedy.) I still remember being taken to Beijing for the first time.He narrowly escaped being run over. 他差一点就被车轧着了。Mark often attempts to escape _____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. (9506 CET-4)a. having been fined?? b. to be fined?? c. to have been fined?? d. being fined 2．作宾语，不合格Grammar was misunderstood. She felt disappointed at that.*Grammar felt disappointed at misunderstood.*Grammar felt disappointed at misunderstanding.Grammar felt disappointed at being misunderstood. English was taken seriously. She resented that.English resented being taken seriously. 考点如前已述，非谓语动词不是按时态来进行选择。但有时-ing分词也可表示出一定的时间概念，如发生在前。但表示法不是用过去“时”，而是用完成“体”。注意：-ing分词的完成体此时主要用以强调动作“是否发生过”这一方面。He denied having taken it. 他否认拿了它。She regrets/repents having said it. 她后悔说了这话。She admitted having read the letter. 她承认看过这封信。I could not recall having heard anyone say that before. 我不记得以前听过谁说这样的话。The man in the co