数学专业英语 2.11 数理逻辑入门.ppt

Key points: introduction to predicates and quantifiers Difficult points: special terminology peculiar to probability theory Requirements: 1. 了解谓词和量词的基本表示方法。 2 . 掌握概率论基本的表示方法。 本小节重点掌握 本节要讨论由这种语句生成命题的方法。 本小节重点掌握 在试验中事件A出现的概率记做P(A). 作业： P95 2: (2) P105 2: (4) 谢 谢！ New Words Expressions: assert 断言，主张 predicate 谓词 conjunction 合取 quantifier 量词 connective 连词 quantification 量词化 disjunction 析取 statement 语句 2.11 数理逻辑入门 Elementary Mathematical Logic Statements involving variables, such as “x3”, “x+y=3”, “x+y=z” are often found in mathematical assertion and in computer programs. 11-A Predicates 包含变量的语句，比如“x3”, “x+y=3”, “x+y=z” 常出现在数学论断和计算机程序中。 These statements are neither true nor false when the values of the variables are not specified. In this section we will discuss the ways that propositions can be produced from such statements. 若未给语句中的所有变量赋值，则不能判定该语句是真是假，本节要讨论由这种语句生成命题的方法。 The statement “x is greater than 3” has two parts. The first part, the variables, is the subject of the statement. 语句“x大于3”分成两部分，第一部分，变量，是语句的主语。 The second part-the predicate, “is greater than 3”-refers to a property that the subject of the statement can have. 第二部分，谓语，“大于3”，指的是语句主语具有的性质。 We can denote the statement “x is greater than 3” by P(x), where P denotes the predicate “is greater than 3” and x is the variable. 把语句“x大于3”记为P(x), 其中P表示谓词“大于3”，而x是变量。 The statement P(x) is also said to be the value of the propositional function P at x. Once a value has been assigned to the variable x, the statements P(x) becomes a proposition and has a truth value. 语句P(x)也称为命题函数P在x点处的值。一旦赋予变量x一个值，语句P(x)就成为一个命题,有了真假值。 When all the variables in a propositional function are assigned values, the resulting statement has a truth value. However, there is another important way, called quantification, to create