语义学复习资料.doc

语义学复习佛脚大全 --- 鱼太郎 一、填空 西方主流语言学派：Traditional philology(lexical meaning),historical comparative L(lexical meaning),structural L(little attention to meaning),functional L(meaning centre theory),TG grammar(standard theory),cognitive L(meaning centre theory) 语言学不同的研究方式与观点：specific vs general, synchronic vs diachronic, macrolinguistics vs microlinguistics, thoeritical vs applied, descriptive vs prescriptive 结构主义学派代表人物：Saussure, bloomfield 系统功能派代表人物：Firth,M.A.K.Halliday(Ideational meaning, interpersonal meaningtextual meaning) 转换生成语法代表人物：Chomsky(6大阶段：nativism, universal grammar ,autonomy,modularity, formalism,deduction；6变：TG grammar, standard theory, extended standard theory, revised extended standard theory, governmentblinding theory, minimalist program ), Katz(在standard theory阶段引入语义成分，使phonology, semanticssyntax成为三大分支) 认知语言学代表人物：Lakoff,Jackendoff 语言学三大革命：Structualist L(Saussure: study language itself)→TG grammar(Chomsky: study mind)→Cognitive L(Lakoff: study embodiment) Saussure的革命-- 两分法：19世纪语言学主流：speech, external, diachronic, entity. （Chomsky弃之） 认知语言学对TG的六大批判基础：embodiment,specific side of L, cognitive strategies, form and meaning, non-formalism, induction and deduction. Analytic philosophy包括logical empiricism和ordinary language philosophy.前者代表有Frege, Russel, Wittgenstein(前期),Schlick,Carnap, Tarski,Davidson,Morris等，后者代表有Moore,Wisdom, Wittgenstein（后期）,Austin,Grice,Searle. 西方哲学简史的三大转向：Onotological turn→epistemology turn→linguistic turn。从perceptualism来说是nominalism,重perception和individualism，从rationalism来说是realism,重reasoning,universals,scholasticism 语义学分支：philosophical vs linguistic S/formal vs cognitive S/ extensional vs. intensional/ synchronic vs diachronic/structualist S/TG/Radical S./Fuzzy S/cognitive S structuralist semantics的词义是由paradigmatic relations和syntagmatic relations组成，两大steps是semantic field和componential analysis. TG产生的语义学派：Interpretative(Chomsky, Katz: sentence priority)，generative(Lakoff:semantics priority)，C