语言学第三章Chapter 3_lexicon.ppt

Chapter 3 Lexicon 3.1. What is word? A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. A vague definition. Three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is satisfactory to cope with all the situations. A set of forms: walk, walks, walking, walked How many words are there? I usually have dinner at 6 but yesterday I had it at seven. How many times did the word “have” occur? A lexical item or a lexeme A lexical item is an entry in a dictionary. A lexeme WRITE includes all of its grammatical forms: write, writes, writing, wrote, written A grammatical unit: clause complex clause Phrase/word group word morpheme Problem: blackboard 3.2 What is word Stability: stable linguistic units. chairman, but not *manchair Relative uninterruptibility: though we recognize three components in the word disappointment, we cannot pause and add another component in between, as in *disinterestappointment. But we can add another word between words: Paul, (John) and Mary ... A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself.(单独可以作为话语出现) eg. --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly. Hi. Wonderful. Sentence--A maximum free form 3.1.2 Types of morphemes Free vs. Bound morphemes: Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg boy, girl, table, nation. Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-. Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg friend as in unfriendliness. Roots may be free: those that can stand by themselves, eg black+board; nation+-al; or bound: those that cannot stand by themselves, eg -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive. Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into prefix (dis-, un-) and suffix (-en, -ify). Base: a morpheme to which an affix is added, eg friend rootbase friendly ro