跨文化交际Diverse Cultural Patterns.ppt

Diverse Cultural Patterns; 1. Hofstede Value Dimensions 2. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations 3. Hall’s High-Context and Low- Context Communication 4. Et Cetera ;1. Hofstede Value Dimensions ⑴ Individualism-Collectivism （个人主义与集体主义） ⑵Uncertainty Avoidance (愿意承担风险的程度) ⑶Power Distance （权利差距） ⑷Masculinity Femininity （男性倾向与女性倾向）;⑴ Individualism-Collectivism: ① It is important to keep in mind that all people and cultures have both individual and collective dispositions(倾向) ② According to Hofstede’s finding, the United States, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, the Netherland(荷兰), and New Zealand tend toward Individualism Pakistan,Colombia,Taiwan,China,and Peru tend toward collectivism. ③The difference between Individualism-Collectivism ;; Confucious: If one wants to establish himself,he should help others to establish themselves at first .;（2）Uncertainty Avoidance (愿意承担风险的程度) It indicates the extent to which a culture feels threatened by or anxious about uncertain and ambiguous situations ①High- Uncertainty -Avoidance ②Low-Uncertainty -Avoidance ;①High- Uncertainty –Avoidance High- uncertainty –avoidance cultures try to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity by providing stability for their members, establishing more formal rules,not tolerating deviant ideas and behaviors, seeking consensus(一致),and believing in absolute truths and the attainment expertise.(Portugal, Greece,Peru,,Belgium,and Japan) ②Low-Uncertainty –Avoidance Low- uncertainty –avoidance cultures is at the other end of the scale (Sweden,Denmark,Ireland,Norway) ;High- VS Low-Uncertainty –Avoidance;（3）Power Distance ①High-Power-Distance They believe that power and authority are facts of life. People are not equal in this world and that everybody has a rightful place.) ②Low-Power-Distance Inequality in society should be minimized. They believe that they are close to the power and should have access to that powe