飞机设计导论-第4讲.ppt

* * * * * * Distributed Loads Structure schematic design and layout School of Aeronautical Science and Engineering Not all distributed loads on an aircraft structure are aerodynamic. Water, fire-retardent chemicals, etc, may also be carried as the distributed load. In addition to liquids, some other types of cargo (grain, gravel, etc.) also place distributed loads on the structure. Aerodynamic Loads Pressure loads are generally of much greater magnitude than aerodynamic loads due to shear. STRUCTURAL LAYOUT Structure schematic design and layout School of Aeronautical Science and Engineering Most aircraft structural components have names which were borrowed from ship structures. Structure schematic design and layout School of Aeronautical Science and Engineering wing spars short stub spar Fuselage frames longerons MATERIALS Structure schematic design and layout School of Aeronautical Science and Engineering Aircraft materials have progressed tremendously from the early days of “bamboo, burlap, and bailing wire.” structural efficiency：strength-to-weight ratio（比强度）, and stiffness-to weight ratio（比刚度）. Aluminum alloys are by far the most popular materials in most modern aircraft. Their main disadvantages are their relatively low melting temperatures and fatigue limits. Steel is commonly used in aircraft structures such as engine mounts, firewalls, landing gear and structural joints which must sustain intense, cyclic loads. Titanium is commonly used in igh-heat areas around engine exhausts and the leading edges of supersonic aircraft wings. Composites have great potential， and they are quite popular for difficult-to-form non-structural shapes such as wheel fairings and engine cowlings. Structure schematic design and layout School of Aeronautical Science and Engineering Structure schematic design and layout School of Aeronautical Science and Engineering Stress Limits: 1.5 (factor of safety) times the maximum design loads； Fatigue Limits: using yield stre