Cell Biology概要1.pptx

Endomembrane system;Properties of endomembrane system;Parts of the endomembrane system;Plasma Membrane;Endoplasmic Reticulum: Bio synthetic factory;There are two, albeit connected, regions of ER that differ in structure and function. Smooth ER looks smooth because it lacks ribosomes. Rough ER looks rough because ribosomes (bound ribosomes) are attached to the outside, including the outside of the nuclear envelope. ;7;8;The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) accounts for half the membranes in a eukaryotic cell. The ER includes membranous tubules and internal, fluid-filled spaces, the cisternae. The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope and the cisternal space of the ER is continuous with the space between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope.;Rough ER is especially abundant in those cells that secrete proteins. As a polypeptide is synthesized by the ribosome, it is threaded into the cisternal space through a pore formed by a protein in the ER membrane. Many of these polypeptides are glycoproteins, polypeptides to which an oligosaccharide is attached. These secretory proteins are packaged in transport vesicles that carry them to their next stage.;11;Rough ER is also a membrane factory. Membrane bound proteins are synthesized directly into the membrane. Enzymes in the rough ER also synthesize phospholipids from precursors in the cytosol. As the ER membrane expands, parts can be transferred as transport vesicles to other components of the endomembrane system. ;The smooth ER is rich in enzymes and plays a role in a variety of metabolic processes. Enzymes of smooth ER synthesize lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids. These includes the sex hormones of vertebrates and adrenal steroids. The smooth ER also catalyzes a key step in the mobilization of glucose from stored glycogen in the liver. An enzyme removes the phosphate group from glucose phosphate, a product of glycogen hydrolysis, permitting glucose to exit the cell.;Other enzymes in the smoot