Chapter Ⅴ概要1.pptVIP

语义成分的分类。 语义成分不同于音位学中的音素,其数量永远没有定数。音位学中的音素一般为50 个左右,历经了语言学近百年的发展,仍然处于相对平稳的状态,数量上没有大的改变。语义学中的词素数量则不同,不断涌进的外来词、随时代改变而不断改变意思的中古词等都为语义成分的划分带来新的问题。上文提到的“The dog wears the blouse. ”这句话,在20 世纪五六十年代无疑在逻辑上是非真实的,而进入21 世纪,在宠物饲养风靡全球的时代,各种各样的宠物训练及宠物时装纷纷出现,对于这句话逻辑上为真实的条件,语言学家们也许需要一番新的定义。 (2) 语义因子的回指现象。 语义成分分析要么认为分析本身包含了需要分析的因素,要么就是将需要分析的事物简化为缺少关键特征的成分。后者导致了语义成分的表意不清,而前者则使语义成分的表达陷入了循环的陷阱。例如: horse =〈ANIMAL〉〈EQUINE〉在解释horse 这个单词时,语义成分分析将“马”定义为具备“动物的”和“马科的”两个特征的实体。可是,用“马科的”这个特征来解释马,似乎在逻辑上进入了回指的死胡同。 (3) 语义的限制 Thirdly, the analysis of word-meaning into its sense components is not enough. It has also been claimed that CA is unexplanatory in that it does not provide for the interpretation of semantic features in terms of the real-word properties and objects that they refer to. e.g. “man” in a child’s mind, and in the sentence “Be a man!” 从以上论证不难看出,任何一种理论的提出和发展都要历经一个阶段,并要不断地改进、完善。 THANK　YOU Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories Appreciative 褒义词 Pejorative 轻蔑语 Appreciative words Words of positive overtones They are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval . Such as: famous, determined, slim/slender Pejorative Those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism. E.g. notorious, pigheaded, (固执的）skinny, nigger Affective Meaning Just like connotative meaning, affective meaning varies from individual to individual, from culture to culture, from generation to generation, from society to society. Words like revolution, freedom, democracy, imperialism may have quite different interpretations in different societies. Sometimes these emotive overtones are more important in the words’ use than the denotations. Example Dog In most western countries, dog is associated with ‘loyalty, faithfulness, a close companion’ and all the positive qualities. To Chinese, dog at its best is a useful animal. As a matter of fact, it generally takes on negative associations. Appreciative or pejorative meaning of the words are brought ou