Chapter 3. Morphology 简明英语语言学 戴炜栋概要1.pptVIP

 Chapter Three Morphology 1 What is a word? 1.1 Two senses of word A physically definable unit(自然的有界限的单位) e.g It is wonderful. phonological(音系上): /it is w?nd?f?l / orthographic(拼写上): It is wonderful. A grammatical unit(语法单位) A rank to show the relationship between elements in a sentence. morpheme word phrase clause sentence 1.2 Features of words Stability(稳定性): words are comparatively stable compared with sentences. e.g chairman not manchair ?The chairman looked at the audience. ?The audience looked at the chairman. Relative uninterruptibility (相对连续性) New elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. e.g dis+appoint+ment But you can add words to a sentence. Examples: ? Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates. ?(Even) Paul (even) didn’t (even) love (even) Jane (even). A minimum free form(最小的自由形式): the smallest unit that can constitute a complete sentence by itself. E.g ? -Who is there? -Helen ? -Are you coming with us? -sure 1.3 Classification of words Variable and invariable words Variable(可变化词): ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms but part of the word remains relatively constant. E.g follow-follows-following-followed Invariable(非变化词): words do not have inflective endings e.g since, through, but, when Grammatical lexical words Grammatical (语法词): words express grammatical meanings. e.g conj, prep. Articles, etc Lexical (词汇词): : words carry the main content of a language. E.g n, v, adj. Closed-class open-class words Close-class (封闭类词): words whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. E.g pron, prep, conj, articles. Open-class (开放类词): words whose membership is infinite or unlimited. E.g Nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs 2 The formation of word（词的构成） 2.1 What is Morpheme? The morpheme (词素) is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. It cannot be divided into other smaller meaningful units. E.g barks