cohesion,连贯.pptx

Organizing the message: the textual metafunction - cohesion ;cohesion coherence ;Part 01;;reference ; eg. Who’s he? [speaker pointing at photograph] She appealed to Philip. He turned the main tap. In the first, the hearer interprets the meaning of ‘he’ by relating it to something outside language – the photograph of a man. This kind of reference is known as exophoric (pointing outwards) In the second, on the other hand, identifying the referent of ‘he’ involves understanding that it refers to the man mentioned as ‘Philip’ in the previous sentence. This kind is endophoric (pointing inwardws);Both uses of reference serve the broad function of showing how the message fits into its context; but exophoric reference links the language to the external context, while endophoric reference signals how the message fits specifically into its textual context (the ‘co-text’). we will focus on endophoric reference. Most cohesive, endophoric, reference is anaphoric (‘pointing backwards’): the meaning that is being repeated has already been mentioned earlier in the text. Less often, reference may be cataphoric (‘pointing forwards’): this signals that the meaning of the reference item will not be specified until further on in the text.;3-rd person personal pronouns ;more on demonstratives this One use of ‘this’ is worth mentioning separately, since it has such an important role in organizing texts, particularly in more formal registers. ‘This’ (and to a lesser extent ‘these’) is often used to refer back to a whole stretch of text. Sometimes it is used on its own but it also frequently appears with a noun encapsulating the content of what has been said. eg. This brings to mind something that happened when I was in prep school. This approach can provide an idea of the range of literacy practices in a community.;the It essentially means something like ‘you know which I mean, either because I have already mentioned it, or because I am about to explain which one