计算机英语第二章.ppt

随着云计算、Hadoop等的兴起，分布式系统逐渐走进我们的生活。本章简要介绍了分布式系统的概念、发展、分布式系统的主要目标等基础知识，内容系节选自如下文献： Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Maarten Van Steen. Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms[M], Second Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall Press, 2007, pp: 1-32. 分布式系统是一组协同工作的计算机，这组计算机被网络连接，用通信的手段进行协调同步，用合理的算法调度分配资源，从而达到高效可靠的计算。 在进行本章学习时，注意理论联系实际，有可能的话，可以查阅一些有关Hadoop、MapReduce、Nutch等的相关资料作为课外阅读文献。 Computer systems are undergoing a revolution. From 1945, when the modern computer era began, until about 1985, computers were large and expensive. Even minicomputers cost at least tens of thousands of dollars each. As a result, most organizations had only a handful of computers, and for lack of a way to connect them, these operated independently from one another. Starting around the the mid-1980s, however, two advances in technology began to change that situation. The first was the development of powerful microprocessors. Initially, these were 8-bit machines, but soon 16-, 32-, and 64-bit CPUs became common. Many of these had the computing power of a mainframe (i.e., large) computer, but for a fraction of the price[i].[i] 很多使用这些CPU的机器的计算性能都可以与大型机相媲美，而价格却比大型机便宜很多。注：这里的mainframe指大型机。 The amount of improvement that has occurred in computer technology in the past half century is truly staggering[1] and totally unprecedented in other industries. From a machine that cost 10 million dollars and executed 1 instruction per second, we have come to machines that cost 1000 dollars and are able to execute 1 billion instructions per second, a price/performance gain of 1013. If cars had improved at this rate in the same time period, a Rolls Royce[z1]? would now cost 1 dollar and get a billion miles per gallon. (Unfortunately, it would probably also have a 200manual telling how to open the door.) [1] stagger: v. 使…感到震惊 [z1]劳斯莱斯(Rolls-Royce)是宝马公司旗下的品牌，于1906年在英国正式成立。劳斯莱斯以一个贵族化的汽车公司享誉全球，同时也是目前世界三大航空发动机生产商之一。2003年劳斯莱斯汽车公司归入宝马集团。 The second development was the invention of high-speed computer networks. Local-area ne