第5章 病例对照研究概要1.ppt

第一节 基本原理 第二节 研究类型 第三节 研究设计与实施 第四节 资料的整理与分析 第五节 常见偏倚及其控制 第六节 研究实例 第七节 优点与局限性及实施时注意的问题 Basic principle Classifications of study Design and implement Data sort and analysis Bias and control Example Advantage，limitation and notes in implementation Basic Principle Characteristics History Application Case control study is also called Case-comparison study, Case-referent study and Retrospective study which study the relationship between exposure and disease. Comparing with cohort study, case control study is saving on time, works, cheap and quick in obtaining the results. This method is suitable to explore risk factor of disease, effect of treatment and side effect of medicine and so on. 病例， 确诊患某种特定疾病的病人 对照 不患该病但具有可比性的个体 通过询问、实验室检查或复查病史，搜集既往危险因素暴露史 Cases, diagnosed “some disease” Control, without disease but comparable to cases Collecting exposure history by recall, lab test or review medical history. 基本原理 测量并比较两组各因素的暴露比例，经统计学检验该因素与疾病之间是否存在统计学关联 Measuring and comparing the exposure proportion in 2 groups and statistical testing If there is statistical association “病例”是以现在确诊的患有某特定疾病的病人，或是研究者所感兴趣的事件如健康、有效、痊愈、死亡、药物副作用等，也可以是某一疾病的症状或体征。 CASE is Individuals with an event or condition of interest, such as disease, health, effect, cure, death, side effect ，or sign or syndrome of a disease. 对照：是未患该病或不具有所感兴趣的事件但具有可比性的个体。 CONTROLS： are individuals without the event or condition of interest. “暴露” 研究对象曾经接触过某些因素，如化学的、生物的或物理因素或具备某些特征，或处于某种状态，它可以是有害的，也可以是有益的。 “Exposure”? A state of contact or close proximity to a chemical, pathogen, radioisotope; exposure may be in a state such as hypertension. They maybe harmful or benefit. 病例对照研究特点 Characteristics Retrospective Category by outcome From outcome to cause Observational method Could not verify hypothesis in general 1843 Guy reported Statistics Association-- the earliest