权利和话轮转换 语用文体学.ppt

权利和话轮转换 Power and Turn-taking 权力关系和人物之间的话轮转换关系十分密切。 Turn-taking and literary language Turn-taking is a topic extensively studied by scholars such Sacks and Schegloff. Their works in this area are found to be extremely useful for analyzing everyday conversations as well as conversation in literature. Turn-taking and literary language Turn-taking is a topic extensively studied by scholars such as Harvey Sacks and Emanuel Schegolff. Their works in this area are found to be extremely useful for analyzing everyday conversations as well as conversation in literature. It is observed that an important feature of conversation is that the speaker and the listener constantly change their roles. In other words, the participants in a conversation take turns in speaking. 一般认为，话轮转换是指发话者与受话者不断交换所扮演的角色而形成的，即“发话者(speaker)变为受话者(listener)，受话者变为发话者“。 It is observed that an important feature of conversation is that the speaker and the listener constantly change their roles. In other words, the participants in a conversation take turns in speaking. Sacks finds that a conversation is a string of at least two turns. Some turns are more closely related than others and he singles out a class of sequences of turns which he calls ―adjacency pairs‖ with either a two-part structure or a three-part structure. Short (1996: 206-207) points out that turn-taking patterns and deviations from relevant turn-taking norms can become easily meaningful in literary texts. He also points out that ―patterns of turn-taking have clear general connections with conversational power‖. He believes that ―all other things being equal, powerful speakers in conversation have the most turns, have the longest turns, initiate conversational exchanges, control what is talked about, who talks when, and interrupt others. 话轮转换的两个特点为：第一，在一个时间里至少而且只能有一个人说话；第二，发话者不断轮流变化。 话轮可以由不同的语言单位构成。在英语中，词，短语，从句，句子组合等都可以充当话轮。 Sacks举了下面这个例子来说明： A: Was last night the first time you meet Miss Kelly? B: Met whom? A: Miss Kelly. B: Yes. 话轮分