算法1-1 概述.ppt

教材 算法概论（注释版） 作者： Sanjoy Dasgupta, Christos Papadimitriou，Umesh Vazirani 机械工业出版社 We will add some materials in the handout. 参考书 T. H. Cormen C. E. Leiserson R. L. Rivest and C. Stein. Introduction to Algorithms, 2nd edition高等教育出版社出版影印版 2002.5 /~clr/ 《算法设计与分析》王晓东编著 清华大学出版社2008年1月第2版 参考书 What is algorithm？ （Oxford Dict.）Algorithm: A set of rules that must be followed when solving a particular problem. From Math world A specific set of instructions for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem, usually with the requirement that the procedure terminate at some point. (一组特定的指令执行过程或解决问题的要求，通常该程序在某些时候终止) An algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as output. Algorithm Problem definition 问题 Objective 目标 (very important) Evaluation 算法评价 Methods 方法 1 Medal tracker（一个 算法实例） Medal tracker 2 海盗分宝石问题(另一个算法问题) 五个海盗抢到了100颗宝石，每一颗都一样大小和价值连城。他们决定这么分：?抽签决定自己的号码（1、2、3、4、5）?首先，由1号提出分配方案，然后大家表决，当且仅当超过半数的人同意时，按照他的方案进行分配，否则将被扔进大海喂鲨鱼。?如果1号死后，再由2号提出分配方案，然后剩下的4人进行表决，当且仅当超过半数的人同意时，按照他的方案进行分配，否则将被扔入大海喂鲨鱼，依此类推。 条件：每个海盗都都是绝对贪婪且绝顶聪明的人，都能很理智地做出判断，从而做出选择。问题：第一个海盗提出怎样的分配方案才能使自己的收益最大化？  Algorithm Correctness正确性 Efficienc有效性 Notion（概念） of algorithm Algorithm in daily life Clothes: strip packing裁剪 Cooking: menu scheduling Accommodation: facility location便利选址 Traffic: traffic lights Selfish routing自驾路线 Suburb s, a nearby train station t. Assuming that all drivers aim to minimize the driving time from s to t Selfish routing We have good reason to expect all traffic to follow the lower road Social optimal? ? to the long, wide highway, ? to the lower road. selfish behavior need not produce a socially optimal outcome Braesss Paradox悖论 Braesss Paradox Braesss Paradox Paradox thus shows that the intuitively （直接地）helpful action of adding a new zero-cost link can negatively impact all of the traffic!悖论表明，添加一个新的零成本的链