骨骼肌的结构和功能.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia Increase in size Increase in number Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Aging is associated with a loss of muscle mass Rate increases after 50 years of age Regular exercise training can improve strength and endurance Cannot completely eliminate the age-related loss in muscle mass Types of Muscle Contraction Isometric Muscle exerts force without changing length Pulling against immovable object Postural muscles Isotonic (dynamic) Concentric Muscle shortens during force production Eccentric Muscle produces force but length increases Isotonic and Isometric Contractions Illustration of a Simple Twitch Force Regulation in Muscle Types and number of motor units recruited More motor units = greater force Fast motor units = greater force Initial muscle length “Ideal” length for force generation Nature of the motor units neural stimulation Frequency of stimulation Simple twitch, summation, and tetanus Relationship Between Stimulus Frequency and Force Generation Length-Tension Relationship in Skeletal Muscle Simple Twitch, Summation, and Tetanus Force-Velocity Relationship At any absolute force the speed of movement is greater in muscle with higher percent of fast-twitch fibers The maximum velocity of shortening is greatest at the lowest force True for both slow and fast-twitch fibers Force-Velocity Relationship Force-Power Relationship At any given velocity of movement the power generated is greater in a muscle with a higher percent of fast-twitch fibers The peak power increases with velocity up to movement speed of 200-300 degrees?second-1 Force decreases with increasing movement speed beyond this velocity Force-Power Relationship Receptors in Muscle Muscle spindle Detect dynamic and static changes in muscle length Stretch reflex Stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction Golgi tendon organ (GTO) Monitor tension developed in muscle Prevents damage during excessive force generat