经济学应用与分析汇编.pptVIP

Chapter Three The Analysis of Market Structure Part I Firm Supply 厂商供给 Firm Supply Now we study how much a firm decides to supply? Note the differences between a consumer and a firm: A consumer is passive, taking prices as given; A firm has much more choices [entry, exit, price-setting (in some cases) ] Firm Supply How does a firm decide how much product to supply? This depends upon the firm’s technology(技术) market environment(市场结构) goals(经营目标) competitors’ behaviors(竞争者的行为) Market Environments Are there many other firms, or just a few? Do other firms’ decisions affect our firm’s payoffs(支付或回报)? Is trading anonymous(匿名的) in a market? Or are trades arranged with separate buyers by middlemen? Market Environments Monopoly (垄断): Just one seller that determines the quantity supplied and the market-clearing price. Oligopoly (寡头垄断): A few firms, the decisions of each influencing the payoffs of the others. Market Environments Dominant Firm: Many firms, but one much larger than the rest. The large firm’s decisions affect the payoffs of each small firm. Decisions by any one small firm do not noticeably affect the payoffs of any other firm. Market Environments Monopolistic Competition (垄断竞争): Many firms each making a slightly different product. Each firm’s output level is small relative to the total. Pure Competition(纯粹竞争): Many firms, all making the same product. Each firm’s output level is small relative to the total，每家厂商都认为市场价格与自身产量大小无关. Market Environments Later chapters examine Monopoly, Oligopoly, and the Monopolistic Competition . This part explores only pure competition. Pure Competition A firm in a perfectly competitive market knows it has no influence over the market price for its product. The firm is a market price-taker. The firm is free to vary its own price. Pure Competition If the firm sets its own price above the market price then the quantity demanded from the firm is zero. If the firm sets its own price below the ma