超验主义 09级英三徐云、王爱华.pptVIP

The weaknesses of Transcendentalism Whenever the demand of logic became too insistent, it turned to mysticism. It became a rationale for the pressure toward expansionism that was already turning people’s minds to the conquest of the West. It resulted far more often in rampant individualism than in a democracy of mutual helpfulness and equal opportunity. The denial of the reality of evil tended to make moral indignation an irrelevant emotion. The weaknesses of Transcendentalism The failure of transcendentalism as a moral force in American life was its denial of its real spiritual origin. People used it to justify their acquisitiveness and left it up to the principle of compensation to balance the rest of the account. These are its weaknesses. American Transcendentalism美国超验主义 09级英语三班 徐云 王爱华 Outline The definition Historical background Sources of the rise of Transcendentalism The major features The major concepts Literary representatives The significance The weaknesses The definition of Transcendentalism A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义：一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握。 超验主义 德文 transzendent 在康德的哲学中，同“内在”相对，意为超出一切可能的经验之上，非人的认识能力可以达到。感觉之外的物质世界“自在之物”是客观存在的，它作用于人们的感官而产生感觉；但是人们通过感觉只能认识到它的现象而不可能是其本体。 超验主义 超验主义一词“transcendentalism”来源于拉丁动词“transcend ere”,意为“超越界限”。超验主义被定义为人通过知觉获取知识的能力。强调知觉的力量,相信人们可以通过感官认知外部世界。认为自然界中的一切事物都是精神的象征。精神高于物质,且无处不在。它强调个人的重要性,认为个人才是社会中最重要的因素。“相信你自己”(爱默生语)是超验主义者的座右铭。爱默生的观点为抒发个性、主张自由的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础。 Historical background The publication of Ralph Waldo Emersons 1836 essay Nature is usually considered the watershed moment at which transcendentalism became a major cultural movement. Emerson wrote in his speech The American Scholar: We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; Divine Soul which