经纬仪及其使用（Theodolite and its use）.docVIP

经纬仪及其使用（Theodolite and its use） 3.1 horizontal Angle measurement principle 3.1.1. Measurement principle of horizontal Angle Horizontal Angle is refers to the space of two intersecting line of direction of sandwiched between the vertical surface of dihedral Angle, Angle value of 0 ° ~ 360 °. Space two straight lines OA and OB intersect at point O, will point A, O, B along the vertical direction projection to the horizontal plane, the corresponding projection point A , O, B, horizontal line O A and O B beta is two direction Angle of line of the vertical surface, the Angle between the horizontal Angle. The horizontal Angle has nothing to do with the elevation of the ground. The measuring Angle must have two basic conditions: (1) it can give a horizontal placement, and its center can be conveniently placed on the scale of the same vertical line at the intersection of the direction line - water Pingdu pan; (2) have a telescope that can aim at distant targets, and be able to rotate the full circle in the horizontal and vertical planes to pass through the telescope Aim for different goals A and B. The difference between the two directions of A and B: beta = B - A 3.1.2 measurement principle of vertical Angle The vertical Angle refers to the Angle of Angle between the line of sight and the horizontal line in the same vertical plane, also known as the vertical Angle or the height Angle. The Angle of the vertical Angle value of 0 ° ~ + 90 °. Line of sight and the plumb line Angle called zenith distance, the Angle of the zenith distance z value range of 0 ° ~ 180 °. When the line of sight above the horizontal line is called the elevation Angle, the angular value is positive; The line of sight below the horizontal line is the depression Angle and the Angle is negative, as shown in the figure. From this, it can be seen that the goniometer instrument must also be fitted with a vertical dial, or vertical dial, which can be placed in a vertical position. 3.2 the structure and use