怀疑微生物可能自然产生 1768 Lazzaro Spallanzani 重做 - 成功大学.PPT

Health by the Numbers 對照組 In 1855 William Farr observed that users of Lambeth Water Company water, taken upstream of London, had 1/10 the death rate of users of other water suppliers, who drew their water from the polluted river downtown. Farr concluded that sewage-contaminated water caused cholera. Public health measures slowly followed, but not before cholera took the life of Louis Pasteurs infant daughter, Camille. /courses/VP350/cholera/cholera.html /courses/vp350/vp350.html http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/farr.html For lecture only , BC Yang * Ignac Semmelweis a native of Hungary Sinclair WJ. Semmelweis: his life and his doctrine. Manchester: Manchester University Press,1909. /images/ignaz-semmelweis.html In 1844, Semmelweis was appointed assistant lecturer in the First Obstetric Division of the Vienna Lying-In Hospital, the division in which medical students received their training. He was appalled by the divisions high mortality rate from puerperal fever — 16% of all women giving birth in the years 1841–1843. In contrast, in the Second Division, where midwives or midwifery students did the deliveries, the mortality rate from the fever was much lower, at about 2%. Semmelweis also noted that puerperal sepsis was rare in women who gave birth before arriving at the hospital 有對照組並不一定萬事就解決了! * It is always hard for anyone to admit they are wrong. Okay, so I was wrong about the Cubs winning the pennant. Not so hard to admit. But if the item is central to your profession, and admitting it not only questions your judgment but implicates you, although at the time unknowingly, in the many deaths your error has caused, that is a little harder to swallow. Obviously, many would, and did, deny the error rather than face the upset. The Doctors Plague by Sherwin B. Nuland Semmelweis wrote a series of “open letters” to his former professors, accusing them — rightly, as it turned out — of being “medical Neros” and “murderers”. (錯誤的策略) * Carbolic acid, phenol 1866年