第4课弯曲内力.docVIP

第4章 弯曲内力 Chapter 4 Internal Force in Bending 4.1、工程实际中的弯曲问题 The bending problems in engineering practice （1）弯曲的概念 Concepts of bending 弯曲：杆受垂直于轴线的外力或外力偶矩矢的作用时，轴线变成了曲线，这种变形称为弯曲。 BENDING: The action of the external force or external the couple vector perpendicular to the axis of the rod makes the axis of the rod change into curve from original straight lines, this deformation is called bending. 梁：以弯曲变形为主的构件通常称为梁。 BEAM：The member of which the deformation is mainly bending is generally called beam. 平面弯曲：杆发生弯曲变形后，轴线仍然和外力在同一平面内。 Planar bending：After deformation the curved axis of the beam is still in the same plane with the external forces. 对称弯曲（如下图）—— 平面弯曲的特例。 Symmetric bending（as shown in the following figure）— a special example of the planar bending. 非对称弯曲—— 若梁不具有纵对称面，或者，梁虽具有纵对称面但外力并不作用在对称面内，这种弯曲则统称为非对称弯曲。 Unsymmetrical bending— if a beam does not possess any plane of symmetry, or the external forces do not act in a plane of symmetry of the beam with symmetric planes, this kind of bending is called unsymmetrical bending. （2）计算简图Calculation sketch 梁的支承条件与载荷情况一般都比较复杂，为了便于分析计算，应进行必要的简化，抽象出计算简图。 In general supports and external forces of the beam are very complex. We should do some necessary simplification for them for our convenient calculation and obtain the calculation sketch. 构件本身的简化：通常取梁的轴线来代替梁。 Simplification of the beams: In general case we take the place of the beam by its axis. 荷载的简化：作用于梁上的载荷（包括支座反力）可简化为三种类型：集中力、集中力偶和分布载荷。 Simplification of the loads: The loads (including the reaction) acting on the beam may be reduced into three types：concentrated force、concentrated force couple and distributed force. 支座的简化：固定铰支座（2个约束，1个自由度），可动铰支座（1个约束，2个自由度）和固定端支座（3个约束，0个自由度）。 Simplification of the supports: Fixed hinged support (2 constraints，1 degree of freedom); Movable hinged support(1 constraint，2 degree of freedom); Rigidly fixed end ( 3 constraints，0 degree of freedom) 梁的三种基本形式：简支梁，外伸梁和悬臂梁。 Three basis types of beams：Simple beam(or simply supported b