营销muscle cell 肌细胞-1(7年-2011年).pptVIP

* 生理条件下的骨骼肌收缩 在生理条件下, 支配骨骼肌的传出神经总是发出连续的神经冲动(动作电位), 所以骨骼肌的收缩几乎都是强直收缩. 骨骼肌弱收缩通常是由较小的运动单位motor unit) 产生, 而骨骼肌的强收缩是多由较大的运动单位产生. 骨骼肌强直收缩时,肌细胞连续兴奋,使胞浆内的Ca2+浓度持续上升, 可利用的横桥结合位点数目达到最大, 故收缩张力可达到一个相对稳定的最大值. * * * Types of smooth muscle 1. Single-unit smooth muscle: The whole muscle responds to stimulation as a single unit. This occurs because each muscle fiber is linked to adjacent fibers by gap junction. 2. Multiunit smooth muscle: Because these muscles have few gap junctions, each muscle fiber responds independently of its neighbors, and the muscle behaves as multiple units. * * * * 从神经元动作电位到肌纤维收缩-----(1) 1. Action potential is initiated and propagates in motor neuron axon. 2. Action potential triggers release of Ach from axon terminals at neuromuscular junctions. 3. Ach binds to receptor sites on motor end plate in muscle fiber, opening Na+,K+ ion channel. * 从神经元动作电位到肌纤维收缩-----(2) 4. More Na+ moves into the fiber at the motor end plate than K+ move out, depolarizing the membrane, producing the end-plate potential (EPP). 5. Local currents depolarize the adjacent plasma membrane to its threshold potential, generating an action potential that propagates over the muscle fiber surface and in to the fiber along T tubles. * 从神经元动作电位到肌纤维收缩-----(3) 6. Action potential in T tubules triggers release of Ca2+ from lateral sacs of SR. 7. Ca2+ binds to troponin（肌钙蛋白） on thin filaments, causing tropomyosin（原肌球蛋白） to move away from its blocking position and thus uncovering cross-bridges binding sites on actin（肌纤蛋白）. * 从神经元动作电位到肌纤维收缩-----(4) 8. Energized myosin cross-bridges （高能肌球蛋白横桥） on the thick filaments bind to actin（肌纤蛋白）.（横桥之所以处于高势能状态, 是因其头部具有ATP酶活, 并可将与其结合ATP分解成ADP和无机磷酸而贮能.） 9. Cross-bridge binding triggers release of energy stored in myosin（肌球蛋白）, producing a movement of each cross bridge. 此时ADP和无机磷酸便与横桥分离 * 10. 在ADT分离点， ATP binds to myosin（肌凝蛋白）, breaking linkage between actin（肌纤蛋白）and myosin and thereby allowing cross bridges to dissociate from actin.(横桥头部与ATP结合后，其